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this was really a fun presentation for

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me to make cuz i get to tell you about

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all the cool stuff with bacteria and

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archaea and not just the cool stuff that

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i found so thank you for that

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opportunity and my goal for this

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presentation is to not you know tell you

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everything cool that i know about

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bacteria it's to kind of get you to

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think like a biologist for the day so

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you're following along think how would a

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biologist think and so the two types of

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organisms that kind of exist on earth

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are the prokaryotes and eukaryotes and

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most of the time I think all of the time

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this afternoon we'll be talking about

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the prokaryotes the bacteria and the

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archaea and the main differences between

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these two organisms and you can see

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there's actually a lot of similarity

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everything has a plasma membrane to keep

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it all together and keep all the

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interesting stuff together and doing

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interesting things it has a cytoplasm

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which you know allows is the lubricant

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that allows everything to work together

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everything has DNA but the main

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difference between the prokaryotes and

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eukaryotes is that the DNA and the

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prokaryotes just kind of bundles

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together in the middle in the nucleoid

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region whereas in the eukaryotes like us

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you actually have a nucleus and this has

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a lot of implications for further

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processing and for how RNA works but

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again the end of the day it's very

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similar and it has the ribosomes both

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everything we know of has ribosomes so

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secondary of life for the day we have

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the you care eukaryotes up here and the

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bacteria archaea which are your

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prokaryotes now within the bacteria you

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kind of have the siano bacteria and

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those are your photo synthesizers and

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you have the heterotrophic bacteria and

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those are the things that eat sugars

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that are already kicking around and I'm

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going to talk quite a bit about this so

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just a kind of introduction like what

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are bacteria doing you have grand

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positive and gram negative and this all

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has to do with the structure of their

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cell wall and the reaction to a Gram

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stain which is a technique that almost

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every microbiologist is used at some

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point and if you're a bacteriologist you

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have a favorite grand positive

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gram-negative and i'm a grand positive

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person some are extremely files so they

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like the really extra

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conditions that's probably what we're

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mainly talking about today again

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cyanobacteria photosynthesize and some

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can be aerobic and some can be anaerobic

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which has gotten lost in translation on

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here but the archaea are neither

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grandpa's it over gram-negative they

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have a kind of a different structures to

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their cell walls and dope tend to react

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the same way to gram stains a lot of

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them are extreme of files and there's a

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super huge variety of metabolic

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activities for the archaea so the

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prokaryotic life cycle unlike our own is

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very rarely sexual sometimes you can get

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conjugation and transferring things

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around but most of the time you just get

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this binary fusion so basically that

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starts with you have your DNA you might

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have a plasmid or two or three or four

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kicking around in there you have a lot

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of ribosomes which you're doing their

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thing carrying out translation making

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proteins and then eventually when the

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cell is ready to divide you get DNA

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making more DNA copies itself the cells

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start to pull apart and a little more

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and eventually you get this total fusion

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of two different cellular membranes and

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then your peptidoglycan cleaves apart

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you have two cells and this looks really

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simple but this in itself is a process I

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don't think we have a full understanding

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of yet so kind of just gives you a key

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into how complex this actually is is

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that we still don't understand this so

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I'm going to talk a bit about the

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central dogma too and we've already

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heard about that but I'm going to talk

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about it in the context of what can we

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use each of these molecules for to tell

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us more about biology so you have DNA

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DNA replication and just having DNA

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kicking around you can do almost an

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infinite amount of experiments and learn

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almost an infinite amount of things from

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DNA but some of the things that we're

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going to hear about this afternoon is

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16s sequencing so we can take the DNA

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sequence the 16s gene which everything

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has everything has a ribosome I

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shouldn't say that that the 16s gene is

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actually coding for part of the ribosome

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and if you sequence this as a population

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you can get a really good sense of all

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the bacteria that are in that area and

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this is an incredibly

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important thing to know because we can

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kind of learn about that environment

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what kind of life that environment

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supports and since we can't culture all

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bacteria we can culture about 1% give or

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take this is sequencing is very

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important we can also sequence

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everything so not just the ribosome we

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can sequence all of the genes in an area

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and this gives us a really good idea of

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not what's going on but what could

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potentially go on so what that

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environment has the potential for doing

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metabolically or evolutionarily so DNA

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which we've already heard can be

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transcribed into RNA and if you want to

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look at the RNA of a population you can

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learn slightly different things so you

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can look at all of the RNA in an area

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and something called transcriptomics and

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that tells us about what the bugs in

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that area are actually doing so what

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part of the genome is active in a

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certain area you can also do something

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called 16s rrna so instead of sequencing

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the RNA from the DNA you're going to

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take the RNA directly and sequence that

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so DNA is fairly stable you can abuse it

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and use it and get a lot of information

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out of it RNA is not you look it up the

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wrong way in the lab and it just goes

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away on you so it might be the same

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thing in the environment so this might

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tell us what portion of a population is

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alive as opposed to what's there or what

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has ever been there because DNA is

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stable and then you can also once you've

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got into translation and you have some

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protein kicking around you can also do

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proteomics and you can do that in the

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environment and see what proteins are

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happening and what's happening

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metabolically in an area but you can

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also do that in the lab and look at what

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different bacteria are doing

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metabolically under different conditions

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that you can grow them in provide it you

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can grow those bacteria so we'll

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probably hear about all these things

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okay so what do bacteria need and

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bacteria need a lot this is dumb down to

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a very simple idea but they need

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essential elements so they need carbon

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they need iron I don't think we found

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anything yet that doesn't need iron they

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need nitrogen things like that most

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things need water I think everything we

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know of needs water right now energy of

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course they have to get stuff done and a

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lot of them have special adaptations to

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survive so I'm going to talk about that

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a little bit so growth in respiration

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basically just like us you need

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something to eat and you need something

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to breathe and I would say that there's

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unlimited ways of doing this you can

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count up all the ways we know about what

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we probably haven't scratched the

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surface so if you need organic carbon to

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eat like we do you're heterotroph or

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some things can make their own organic

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carbon and that's an autotroph and if

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you use oxygen if you breathe oxygen

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you're in anaerobe and if you breathe

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something other than oxygen sorry if you

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breathe oxygen you're an arrow if you've

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read something other than oxygen you're

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in anaerobe so you're going to hear a

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lot of terms probably this is just an

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example and these can get long and

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confusing but just kind of break it down

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to their terms think about it that way

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so a chemo autotroph is something that

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can fix its own carbon so it's not

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eating things and it's chemo so it's

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breathing chemicals oh I've lost all my

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pictures that's not good anyways so

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there was a picture of a kid here eating

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cereal and he is a heterotrophic Arab

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because he eats a sugar you know the

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nice sugary cereal and he breathes

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oxygen and a lot of bacteria do this too

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and after he's done eating a cereal and

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breathing here aspires co2 and the sugar

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well you know what happens with that now

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I had some pictures back so another way

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of stead of just the basic heterotrophic

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in a row and a robe

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would be an aerobic so this guy's not

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using oxygen and he's making methane and

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there are just tons and tons of ways you

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can do this and one way is to use

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hydrogen and co2 and out of that get

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methane and h2o so very interesting the

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top metabolism but other ways of making

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methane you can make it out of acetate

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and if you're eating acetate your osito

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trophic or you can make it out of

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methane file and you could be methane at

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the Thyle trophic and just an

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interesting bit of trivia there when you

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eat asparagus that's why it stinks when

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you pee so you have all these bugs

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sitting there making methane when you're

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thinking as a biologist you're thinking

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what could use that f methane and one of

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the things that could use the methane

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are the bugs that eat it so those are

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the methanol tropes so some guys are

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making it some guys are eating it and a

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really nice example of this is actually

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in the permafrost so down deep where you

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have anaerobic conditions you have a

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nice little community of methanogens

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pumping out the methane but if you go

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higher up in the soil level where you

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get some oxygen mixed in you can have a

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nice little population of nathanael

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troves eating what the banana jeans made

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another way of thinking like a biologist

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what makes it and what can eat it and

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you might find them living together so

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another way of eating and breathing are

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photosynthetic autotrophs so these guys

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are using the Sun to make their own

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sugars so they're fixing carbon so you

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see the carving coming in oxygen coming

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out sugar is coming out my slides aren't

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translating that great but so extrema

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files are basically what we're talking

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about this afternoon and there any

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organism that's able to you know live

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maybe not thrive but survive in

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conditions that are normally fatal to

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anything that's not an extremal file so

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you're going to hear all kind of terms

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about what kind of extrema file these

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guys actually are so you can have

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thermophiles

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these guys live at high temperatures and

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it says 45 and it says 122 over here so

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high temperature guys crile files are

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anything that can survive at minus 15

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for a given length of time hypo lists

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are anything that can live it in rocks

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00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:19,090
and cold deserts so very extreme

274
00:11:23,250 --> 00:11:20,770
condition there and then you can also

275
00:11:27,630 --> 00:11:23,260
you know combined any of these things to

276
00:11:29,370 --> 00:11:27,640
make other Oh files so a thermo acidify

277
00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:29,380
ille as an example of when we combine

278
00:11:36,420 --> 00:11:31,210
things and these guys can survive

279
00:11:37,890 --> 00:11:36,430
thermophilic and high acid conditions so

280
00:11:39,540 --> 00:11:37,900
another way of instead of you know

281
00:11:41,730 --> 00:11:39,550
having adaptations which I'm going to

282
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:41,740
talk about in a minute is just go on

283
00:11:46,530 --> 00:11:43,810
strike you know I'm not working anymore

284
00:11:48,330 --> 00:11:46,540
until conditions improve and bacteria do

285
00:11:50,310 --> 00:11:48,340
this and it's called sporulation so they

286
00:11:52,440 --> 00:11:50,320
pack up some of their genetic material

287
00:11:54,900 --> 00:11:52,450
and they quit working until they get

288
00:11:58,260 --> 00:11:54,910
better conditions and this is a nice

289
00:11:59,670 --> 00:11:58,270
little process and it's a great way

290
00:12:02,820 --> 00:11:59,680
spores can survive almost anything

291
00:12:07,710 --> 00:12:02,830
spores can survive on Mars good way of

292
00:12:11,010 --> 00:12:07,720
surviving so adaptations are a huge

293
00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:11,020
field in extremo file biology what kind

294
00:12:16,530 --> 00:12:14,370
of traits allow you to survive and

295
00:12:17,910 --> 00:12:16,540
identifying these figuring out how they

296
00:12:20,370 --> 00:12:17,920
work and figuring out what all they can

297
00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:20,380
do is a huge part of this field so I'm

298
00:12:24,420 --> 00:12:22,000
just going to talk about this for a

299
00:12:26,660 --> 00:12:24,430
little bit so temperature extremes I

300
00:12:29,220 --> 00:12:26,670
can't obviously go through all of the

301
00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:29,230
adaptations to extreme environments so

302
00:12:32,220 --> 00:12:30,790
I'm going to hit on thermo files and

303
00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:32,230
psycho files and we can kind of compare

304
00:12:38,190 --> 00:12:36,190
and contrast these two so thermophiles

305
00:12:40,380 --> 00:12:38,200
are things that are surviving up here

306
00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:40,390
and you can see if everything grew and

307
00:12:44,640 --> 00:12:42,810
divided at the same rate you know

308
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:44,650
extrapolate it from the Arrhenius plot

309
00:12:48,690 --> 00:12:47,110
that you'd expect based on the things

310
00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:48,700
that are kind of in the middle you can

311
00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:50,530
see they be growing a lot faster up here

312
00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:52,930
at high temperatures and a lot faster at

313
00:12:56,610 --> 00:12:54,820
low temperatures but there's this place

314
00:12:58,620 --> 00:12:56,620
here where things kind of drop off at

315
00:13:00,510 --> 00:12:58,630
high temperatures and drop off here at

316
00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:00,520
low temperatures and basically what's

317
00:13:03,960 --> 00:13:02,290
happening there is your enzymes just

318
00:13:05,430 --> 00:13:03,970
aren't working as they should there be

319
00:13:11,740 --> 00:13:05,440
coming to nature they can't find their

320
00:13:14,660 --> 00:13:11,750
substrate so things drop off

321
00:13:16,190 --> 00:13:14,670
so cold air freezing temperatures will

322
00:13:18,620 --> 00:13:16,200
do a ton of things that aren't so good

323
00:13:20,990 --> 00:13:18,630
for the cells they'll freeze your cell

324
00:13:26,660 --> 00:13:21,000
membranes they'll cause gelling they can

325
00:13:29,180 --> 00:13:26,670
decrease your enzyme activity you'll see

326
00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:29,190
that a lot of the times your DNA needs

327
00:13:35,930 --> 00:13:32,370
to pull apart for DNA replication or RNA

328
00:13:37,370 --> 00:13:35,940
transcription and it won't do that just

329
00:13:40,310 --> 00:13:37,380
because the temperatures are too cold

330
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:40,320
and you can also get ice crystals

331
00:13:43,639 --> 00:13:41,910
forming that disrupt your cellular

332
00:13:46,699 --> 00:13:43,649
membrane on these cold temperatures

333
00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:46,709
whereas it hot temperatures you have a

334
00:13:50,750 --> 00:13:48,180
cell membrane that will just break apart

335
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:50,760
when the water starts to boil again your

336
00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:53,610
enzymes will decrease in their activity

337
00:13:58,069 --> 00:13:56,490
and your DNA will pull apart because the

338
00:14:00,050 --> 00:13:58,079
temperatures are just too cold for the

339
00:14:03,259 --> 00:14:00,060
bar to form for the bonds to hold it

340
00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:03,269
together and microbial life needs some

341
00:14:06,530 --> 00:14:04,890
form of liquid water so if you're living

342
00:14:09,139 --> 00:14:06,540
at minus 15 you have to have a way to

343
00:14:11,780 --> 00:14:09,149
keep the water liquid and if you're

344
00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:11,790
living it plus 120 you have to keep away

345
00:14:19,150 --> 00:14:13,920
you have to find a way for the water not

346
00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:19,160
to boil off so here you can see how many

347
00:14:24,980 --> 00:14:22,350
slides are really bad I don't know what

348
00:14:27,650 --> 00:14:24,990
happened there the psycho files and the

349
00:14:29,569 --> 00:14:27,660
thermo files so with the psycho files

350
00:14:31,939 --> 00:14:29,579
they have a lot of different ways to

351
00:14:33,380 --> 00:14:31,949
keep their membranes intact and one of

352
00:14:36,290 --> 00:14:33,390
the ways they can do this is increase

353
00:14:38,420 --> 00:14:36,300
the amount of unsaturated fatty acids

354
00:14:41,030 --> 00:14:38,430
and when saturate when acids are

355
00:14:43,340 --> 00:14:41,040
saturated fatty acids they basically are

356
00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:43,350
straight you know there's very strong

357
00:14:48,439 --> 00:14:45,990
order to them but when they're

358
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:48,449
unsaturated they get these quaint pinks

359
00:14:52,519 --> 00:14:50,399
and twists and turns and bends and this

360
00:14:55,670 --> 00:14:52,529
helps maintain fluidity so you're not

361
00:14:58,250 --> 00:14:55,680
just freezing up and the same is true

362
00:15:00,530 --> 00:14:58,260
the double bonds it allows kinks and

363
00:15:02,269 --> 00:15:00,540
twists and bends whereas the thermo

364
00:15:04,040 --> 00:15:02,279
files have a different way of keeping

365
00:15:06,710 --> 00:15:04,050
their membrane intact at high

366
00:15:10,730 --> 00:15:06,720
temperatures and they have special waxy

367
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:10,740
chemicals that aren't really the double

368
00:15:15,290 --> 00:15:12,240
layer bar on you'd expect to see and

369
00:15:16,910 --> 00:15:15,300
they actually have so that this is a

370
00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:16,920
normal membrane where you have your

371
00:15:22,370 --> 00:15:19,770
lipid bilayer but a lot of hypothermia

372
00:15:24,290 --> 00:15:22,380
files just kind of bind them together so

373
00:15:25,460 --> 00:15:24,300
there's these bonds that are not as

374
00:15:29,690 --> 00:15:25,470
easily broken

375
00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:29,700
as here and the membrane stays intact so

376
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:31,470
you also have to maintain enzyme

377
00:15:35,210 --> 00:15:33,120
activity because that's huge right you

378
00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:35,220
gotta carry out your metabolism at these

379
00:15:39,350 --> 00:15:37,260
super high or super low temperatures and

380
00:15:41,930 --> 00:15:39,360
you can basically make your D your

381
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:41,940
proteins do that in a number of ways so

382
00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:44,610
in cold temperatures everything's really

383
00:15:48,890 --> 00:15:46,380
fluid and it has high catalytic

384
00:15:50,270 --> 00:15:48,900
efficiency what I mean by that is it's

385
00:15:52,130 --> 00:15:50,280
not binding and grabbing and staying

386
00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:52,140
there it's binding and then it's letting

387
00:15:55,460 --> 00:15:53,610
go and then it's binding and then it's

388
00:15:59,330 --> 00:15:55,470
letting go so it can pump through a lot

389
00:16:02,030 --> 00:15:59,340
more substrate you can also have more

390
00:16:03,740 --> 00:16:02,040
polar less hydrophobic amino acids and

391
00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:03,750
this just helps again to keep things

392
00:16:07,460 --> 00:16:05,910
fluid whereas in thermo files you don't

393
00:16:09,290 --> 00:16:07,470
want to keep things fluid you want to

394
00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:09,300
keep things as structured as possible so

395
00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:11,040
it's not melting and pulling apart and

396
00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:13,050
to do this you can pack your proteins

397
00:16:16,790 --> 00:16:14,730
into a dense core and just not let water

398
00:16:20,090 --> 00:16:16,800
in and then they can't boil you apart

399
00:16:22,610 --> 00:16:20,100
you can add these disulfide bonds which

400
00:16:25,220 --> 00:16:22,620
are down here and again it's just

401
00:16:28,130 --> 00:16:25,230
another layer of structure and you can

402
00:16:31,790 --> 00:16:28,140
have charged residues like this that

403
00:16:34,970 --> 00:16:31,800
will form to hydro hydrogen bonds to

404
00:16:36,850 --> 00:16:34,980
keep things just more structured you

405
00:16:39,230 --> 00:16:36,860
also have to keep your DNA together and

406
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:39,240
that's for hot and you have to let it

407
00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:42,480
pull apart for cold so psycho files

408
00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:43,920
where things don't want to pull apart

409
00:16:50,270 --> 00:16:47,430
you see a lot of 80 bonds and like we

410
00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:50,280
learned earlier 80 forms to hydrogen

411
00:16:56,060 --> 00:16:52,770
bonds where GC forms three so we're just

412
00:16:58,520 --> 00:16:56,070
using more of less hydrogen bond formers

413
00:17:01,100 --> 00:16:58,530
whereas in thermal files you kind of do

414
00:17:02,660 --> 00:17:01,110
the opposite and you can also have you

415
00:17:04,550 --> 00:17:02,670
can make a lot of this DNA guy raised

416
00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:04,560
that twists your DNA it turns it and

417
00:17:11,090 --> 00:17:08,940
keeps it together from pulling apart but

418
00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:11,100
there's still a lot we don't understand

419
00:17:15,740 --> 00:17:13,890
about psycho files thermophiles extreme

420
00:17:17,990 --> 00:17:15,750
files in general and this is a picture

421
00:17:20,870 --> 00:17:18,000
from our lab this is the bug that grows

422
00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:20,880
at minus 15 and you can see it doesn't

423
00:17:24,770 --> 00:17:22,770
look like a normal cell normal cells are

424
00:17:26,450 --> 00:17:24,780
nice and smooth on the outside this guy

425
00:17:29,030 --> 00:17:26,460
is lumpy it's got these weird things

426
00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:29,040
through here and is this some kind of

427
00:17:32,990 --> 00:17:31,050
adaptation that's allowing it to

428
00:17:35,330 --> 00:17:33,000
maintain liquid water possibly on the

429
00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:35,340
outside or is it some adaptation that's

430
00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:36,930
protecting it against something either

431
00:17:41,480 --> 00:17:39,330
salt or cold and answers we just don't

432
00:17:47,419 --> 00:17:41,490
so this could be a whole new adaptation

433
00:17:50,210 --> 00:17:47,429
to the cold I think these are three

434
00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:50,220
cells one two three and this is plano

435
00:17:54,940 --> 00:17:52,830
caucus hollow cryo Phyllis and you'll

436
00:17:57,799 --> 00:17:54,950
hear more about that this afternoon and

437
00:18:00,049 --> 00:17:57,809
I'm going to end with a quote that's not

438
00:18:01,820 --> 00:18:00,059
really fitting on the screen but this is

439
00:18:04,669 --> 00:18:01,830
former prof of mine it's a little crass

440
00:18:06,950 --> 00:18:04,679
so I'm not going to give it to a quoting

441
00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:06,960
a certain person but he said in any

442
00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:08,730
effed up environment on earth you'll

443
00:18:12,470 --> 00:18:10,980
find something living somewhere that's

444
00:18:16,820 --> 00:18:12,480
found something to eat and somehow

445
00:18:18,799 --> 00:18:16,830
survives and it is crass but it's a

446
00:18:20,299 --> 00:18:18,809
beautiful quote because it's true and I

447
00:18:21,529 --> 00:18:20,309
was saying last night that we could

448
00:18:23,389 --> 00:18:21,539
almost have a drinking game at this

449
00:18:25,070 --> 00:18:23,399
conference where every time someone says

450
00:18:27,830 --> 00:18:25,080
life will find a way we all take a shot

451
00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:27,840
and at the end of the conference it

452
00:18:34,700 --> 00:18:30,240
would just be the geologist standing I'm

453
00:18:37,310 --> 00:18:34,710
sure but at the same time it's a really

454
00:18:40,279 --> 00:18:37,320
good message so in a couple years maybe

455
00:18:42,169 --> 00:18:40,289
you know within my lifetime if we don't

456
00:18:44,210 --> 00:18:42,179
find life on another planet I think

457
00:18:46,610 --> 00:18:44,220
it'll mean more to me than if we do

458
00:18:47,899 --> 00:18:46,620
because I can't see how it wouldn't be

459
00:18:51,379 --> 00:18:47,909
on another planet somewhere out there

460
00:19:01,090 --> 00:18:51,389
and if we don't find it you know I might

461
00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:14,890
anybody have questions for Jen

462
00:19:22,070 --> 00:19:19,640
about those sense so what would a normal

463
00:19:23,630 --> 00:19:22,080
one look like normal cells are just

464
00:19:25,460 --> 00:19:23,640
smooth you don't see the bumpiness

465
00:19:27,529 --> 00:19:25,470
circles like lions that look like

466
00:19:35,140 --> 00:19:27,539
spaghetti on the cell surface membrane

467
00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:35,150
just smooth yeah yeah again can you just

468
00:19:40,850 --> 00:19:38,970
you used on several slides and when you

469
00:19:43,850 --> 00:19:40,860
talk you said survive and sometimes

470
00:19:47,299 --> 00:19:43,860
thrive is there a difference I mean for

471
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:47,309
the sacrifice I mean do you have a

472
00:19:52,190 --> 00:19:50,610
definition for surviving um hard and

473
00:19:55,610 --> 00:19:52,200
fast definitions I think are a little

474
00:19:58,880 --> 00:19:55,620
hard but for example surviving and

475
00:20:01,669 --> 00:19:58,890
thriving the cells i showed you they i

476
00:20:03,409 --> 00:20:01,679
would say thrive where generation x or

477
00:20:05,210 --> 00:20:03,419
maybe a couple minutes to a couple hours

478
00:20:08,060 --> 00:20:05,220
at room temperature with not a lot of

479
00:20:11,060 --> 00:20:08,070
salt whereas you draw from 215 they

480
00:20:13,310 --> 00:20:11,070
survive they make more cells but it's a

481
00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:13,320
lot slower and the cells seem to be more

482
00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:16,530
fragile and I imagine that's kind of the

483
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:18,150
way those cells would interact with

484
00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:20,610
nature it's things would go very slowly

485
00:20:25,279 --> 00:20:23,370
but they are alive as opposed to in the

486
00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:25,289
lab when we give them an all-you-can-eat

487
00:20:31,430 --> 00:20:26,970
buffet and warm them up they just go to

488
00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:31,440
town would be thriving so I actually

489
00:20:35,090 --> 00:20:32,850
have a question it kind of goes to both

490
00:20:37,580 --> 00:20:35,100
of you since you introduced metabolisms

491
00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:37,590
and you introduced Luca I'm kind of

492
00:20:42,950 --> 00:20:40,260
curious do we have any ideas about early

493
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:42,960
ecospace as in are these things only

494
00:20:47,210 --> 00:20:45,510
doing one metal like operating on one

495
00:20:49,039 --> 00:20:47,220
metabolic pathway are they taking

496
00:20:51,380 --> 00:20:49,049
advantage of anything that's free have

497
00:20:58,870 --> 00:20:51,390
they differentiated yet into methanogens

498
00:21:04,629 --> 00:21:01,629
I've just noticed people to look into

499
00:21:06,519 --> 00:21:04,639
like that for sure I just don't so when

500
00:21:07,839 --> 00:21:06,529
we're thinking about Luca I mean are we

501
00:21:11,619 --> 00:21:07,849
only thinking about it being trapped to

502
00:21:18,759 --> 00:21:11,629
one locality or do we think it's theirs

503
00:21:19,959 --> 00:21:18,769
eco spaces everywhere I don't say that

504
00:21:23,259 --> 00:21:19,969
Luger you're probably going to be

505
00:21:25,599 --> 00:21:23,269
geographically pretty close because you

506
00:21:27,219 --> 00:21:25,609
know stuff like RNA isn't really stable

507
00:21:29,919 --> 00:21:27,229
so if it's going to be transferring back

508
00:21:31,569 --> 00:21:29,929
and forth it can't go very far so I'd

509
00:21:33,969 --> 00:21:31,579
say yeah I would say species

510
00:21:36,069 --> 00:21:33,979
differentiation at that point you've got

511
00:21:38,139 --> 00:21:36,079
you know Geographic barriers and then

512
00:21:39,639 --> 00:21:38,149
you know lots of different spaces and

513
00:21:41,829 --> 00:21:39,649
stuff like that but at least for

514
00:21:43,779 --> 00:21:41,839
everything up to Luca and Luca probably

515
00:21:47,739 --> 00:21:43,789
had to be pretty close to at least in my

516
00:21:49,269 --> 00:21:47,749
vision I'd agree with that you're

517
00:21:51,249 --> 00:21:49,279
talking about a lot different

518
00:21:55,930 --> 00:21:51,259
environment to a lot harsher than what

519
00:21:59,769 --> 00:21:55,940
we have now is probably any other